By stimulant drugs they mean cocaine, amphetamines (given to our children as Adderall), or similar drugs (which the study classifies as Adderall and maybe Ritalin).
Subjects were all 18-24 year old college students. Occasional users were characterized as having taken stimulants an average of 12 to 15 times. The “stimulant naïve” control group included students who had never taken stimulants.
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I have been Adderall since I went back to school a few years back. In my lost youth I quite liked stimulants of almost any variety. I can't imagine what all of this has done to my brain.
The brain images of the occasional users showed consistent patterns of diminished neuronal activity in the parts of the brain associated with anticipatory functioning and updating anticipation based on past trials.
There are three pieces here - a summary from Constance Scharff at Psychology Today, the original press release as posted for Drug Discovery and Development Magazine, and the citation and abstract from the Journal of Neuroscience.
Here is the original press release about this study, as it was posted in Drug Discovery and Development Magazine. Below that is the original abstract and citation from the Journal of Neuroscience.Cocaine and Stimulants Literally Damage Your Brain
A hard wiring of the brain may be the reason some people become addicts.
Published on April 14, 2014 by Constance Scharff, Ph.D. in Ending Addiction for Good
Scientists using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have discovered impaired neuronal activity in occasional users of stimulant drugs. An internal hard wiring of the brain may be the reason some people become prone to drug addiction. The implication of the study is the possibility of using brain pattern activity to identify people who are at risk before they become addicted or when they exhibit addictive type behavior.
At the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine researchers recorded brain activity via fMRI. The participants were given instructions to press a button when they saw a specific image, but not if they heard a sound in 288 trails measuring reaction times and errors on the assigned task. The study compared the brains of young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 years old that occasionally used cocaine, amphetamines or similar drugs to those of a “stimulant naïve” control group.The reaction times of occasional users were actually faster on the first part of the trials, implying more impulsiveness compared to the control group. On the next part, the same group made more mistakes, which became worse as the tasks became more difficult. The difference in the two groups of people was notable.“We used to think that drug addicts just did not hold themselves back but this work suggests that the root of this is an impaired ability to anticipate a situation and to detect trends in when they need to stop,” said Katia Harlé, a postdoctoral researcher and the study’s lead author.Next, the researchers want to discover whether this impaired neuronal activity is permanent or can be re-wired.It may be possible to “exercise” weak areas of the brain, where attenuated neuronal activity is associated with higher tendency to addiction.This would offer hope of early intervention thus preventing the damage that stimulants can cause to brain function and the measurable difference of physical reaction performance.
Not using any stimulant drug is the best choice to make as even casual or occasional users risk the possibility of addiction later on. Make the right choice and just don’t start! But, if you have recently used cocaine or stimulants, consider seeking professional advice if you need help quitting. Our brains are not something to mess with!
* * * *Stimulant Drugs Can Impair Neuronal Activity
Date: March 25, 2014
Source: UC San Diego School of Medicine
Researchers at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine have discovered impaired neuronal activity in the parts of the brain associated with anticipatory functioning among occasional 18- to 24-year-old users of stimulant drugs, such as cocaine, amphetamines and prescription drugs such as Adderall.
The brain differences, detected using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are believed to represent an internal hard wiring that may make some people more prone to drug addiction later in life.
Among the study’s main implications is the possibility of being able to use brain activity patterns as a means of identifying at-risk youth long before they have any obvious outward signs of addictive behaviors.
The study is published in the Journal of Neuroscience.
“If you show me 100 college students and tell me which ones have taken stimulants a dozen times, I can tell you those students’ brains are different,” said Martin Paulus, professor of psychiatry and a co-senior author with Angela Yu, PhD, professor of cognitive science at UC San Diego. “Our study is telling us, it’s not ‘this is your brain on drugs,’ it’s ‘this is the brain that does drugs.’”
In the study, 18- to 24-year-old college students were shown either an X or an O on a screen and instructed to press, as quickly as possible, a left button if an X appeared or a right button if an O appeared. If a tone was heard, they were instructed not to press a button. Each participant’s reaction times and errors were measured for 288 trials, while their brain activity was recorded via fMRI.
Occasional users were characterized as having taken stimulants an average of 12 to 15 times. The “stimulant naïve” control group included students who had never taken stimulants. Both groups were screened for factors, such as alcohol dependency and mental health disorders, which might have confounded the study’s results.
The outcomes from the trials showed that occasional users have slightly faster reaction times, suggesting a tendency toward impulsivity. The most striking difference, however, occurred during the “stop” trials. Here, the occasional users made more mistakes, and their performance worsened, relative to the control group, as the task became harder (i.e., when the tone occurred later in the trial).
The brain images of the occasional users showed consistent patterns of diminished neuronal activity in the parts of the brain associated with anticipatory functioning and updating anticipation based on past trials.
“We used to think that drug addicts just did not hold themselves back but this work suggests that the root of this is an impaired ability to anticipate a situation and to detect trends in when they need to stop,” said Katia Harlé, a postdoctoral researcher in the Paulus laboratory and the study’s lead author.
The next step will be to examine the degree to which these brain activity patterns are permanent or can be re-calibrated. The researchers said it may be possible to “exercise” weak areas of the brain, where attenuated neuronal activity is associated with higher tendency to addiction.
“Right now there are no treatments for stimulant addiction and the relapse rate is upward of 50%,” Paulus said. “Early intervention is our best option.”
Full Citation:
Harlé, KM, Shenoy, P, Stewart, JL, Tapert, SF, Yu, AJ, and Paulus, MP. (2014, Mar 26). Altered Neural Processing of the Need to Stop in Young Adults at Risk for Stimulant Dependence. Journal of Neuroscience; 34(13): 4567-4580; doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2297-13.2014
Altered Neural Processing of the Need to Stop in Young Adults at Risk for Stimulant Dependence
Katia M. Harlé, Pradeep Shenoy, Jennifer L. Stewart, Susan F. Tapert, Angela J. Yu, and
Martin P. Paulus,
Author contributions: M.P.P. designed research; K.M.H. and P.S. analyzed data; K.M.H., P.S., J.L.S., S.F.T., A.J.Y., and M.P.P. wrote the paper.Abstract
Identification of neurocognitive predictors of substance dependence is an important step in developing approaches to prevent addiction. Given evidence of inhibitory control deficits in substance abusers (Monterosso et al., 2005; Fu et al., 2008; Lawrence et al., 2009; Tabibnia et al., 2011), we examined neural processing characteristics in human occasional stimulant users (OSU), a population at risk for dependence. A total of 158 nondependent OSU and 47 stimulant-naive control subjects (CS) were recruited and completed a stop signal task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A Bayesian ideal observer model was used to predict probabilistic expectations of inhibitory demand, P(stop), on a trial-to-trial basis, based on experienced trial history. Compared with CS, OSU showed attenuated neural activation related to P(stop) magnitude in several areas, including left prefrontal cortex and left caudate. OSU also showed reduced neural activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and right insula in response to an unsigned Bayesian prediction error representing the discrepancy between stimulus outcome and the predicted probability of a stop trial. These results indicate that, despite minimal overt behavioral manifestations, OSU use fewer brain processing resources to predict and update the need for response inhibition, processes that are critical for adjusting and optimizing behavioral performance, which may provide a biomarker for the development of substance dependence.
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